Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important viral diseases in Egypt and the main way for its control is sufficient vaccination. A vaccine that could improve early and long-lasting immunity by selecting the best adjuvants is the main target for veterinarians. In this study, different formulae from polyvalent inactivated FMD vaccine were prepared using different vegetable oils (Peanut oil, Olive oil, and Sunflower oil) supplemented with Ginseng saponin and compared with locally used Montanide ISA206 as alternative adjuvants. Evaluation of such formulae was carried out through the international quality control protocol for vaccine evaluation, vaccination of calves groups to follow up their cell-mediated immunity using lymphocytic proliferation assay and level determination of interleukine-6, interleukin12 by the fourth week post-vaccination. Humeral immune response was evaluated by recording serum neutralizing antibodies. Protective values by the 6th week. All the prepared vaccine formulae were found to be potent for vaccinated calves, except the Olive oil vaccine showed week performance. Our data suggest that Peanut oil and Sunflower oil supplemented with Ginseng saponin could be used as adjuvants in polyvalent FMD vaccine with comparable results to conventionally used mineral oil Montanide ISA206.

Yersinia enterocolitica is considered one of the most prevalent pathogens transmitted through milk and milk products. Therefore, we aimed to detect the prevalence of these bacteria in cheese and ice cream and study the influence of refrigeration and freezing on its growth patterns. A total of 80 samples of cheese and ice cream were collected from Assiut city, Egypt (40 samples each). The collected samples were examined for the isolation of Y. enterocolitica by the classical culture method and improved by the PCR technique. The incidence of Y. enterocolitica was 17.5 and 25.0 % in the examined cheese and ice cream samples by culture method, respectively, its prevalence in the tested cheese and ice cream samples basing on PCR were 7.5 and 15% since 42.8 and 60.0% of the isolated Y. enterocolotica were confirmed positive. Bio- typing and serotyping of the isolated strains revealed that 8 out of the confirmed strains were pathogenic ; Y. enterocolitica serotype O: 3 was the most prevalent strain, and all of the pathogenic strains carried the virulent ail gene. Nearly similar growth patterns of Y. enterocolitica were recorded during storage of cheese at 4 ± 2?C and 30 ± 2ºC and, a significant difference was observed in the 3rd week, the organism found to be survived for 18 weeks with a mean value of 7.4 ± 0.5 and 6.9 ± 0.16 log cfu/ g for cheese stored at 4 ± 2?C and 30 ± 2?C respectively. In the case of ice cream, there was a significant difference between the behavior of Y. enterocolitica during freezing storage at -6 ± 2?C and -18± 2ºC in the 2nd week, the mean value for the organism count on the 16th week was 5.3 ± 0.26 and 5.6 ± 0.39 log cfu/ g, respectively.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a small Gram-positive bacillus containing mycolic acid in the structure of the cell wall. The bacterium is responsible for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants (sheep and goats). The bacteria are also responsible for Ulcerative Lymphangitis in equines. The disease causes great economic loss in the animal industry. This work aimed to check the ability of Quadruplex PCR (Q-PCR) for genotyping and identification of Egyptian isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis and sequence analysis of phospholipase D (PLD) gene of local isolates. Four of C. pseudotuberculosis local isolates previously biochemically identified were tested for narG gene (nitrate reductase gene). Both nitrate negative biovar (ovis) and nitrate positive biovar (equi) showed a positive result for 16S rRNA, rpoB and PLD genes of C. pseudotuberculosis species. The sequence analysis of our local isolates PLD gene revealed minor changes in PLD proteins between ovine and equine strains compared with other published PLD sequences in GenBank. It was concluded that the Q-PCR method is able to differentiate between C. pseudotuberculosis equi and ovis biovars. Also, the sequence of PLD gene of local isolates representing the two biovars revealed some variation, which leads to an accurate diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis biovars and generates a mapping of immerged local isolates. Further, the PCR and sequence of these isolates provide rapid and accurate genotyping, especially with hyperimmune serum unavailability.

This work was designed to provide high protective, long-lasting immunity against FMD by enhancing the immunogenicity of the trivalent FMD vaccine using carbomer as adjuvant using G. pigs as an alternative cheapest animal model for quality control testing of the prepared FMD vaccines formulae. Guinea pigs were chosen as experimental models to develop concepts and techniques to study the PD50 of FMD vaccines because of the similarities of clinical symptoms in these animals to those of swine and cattle to saving cost, three different formulae of inactivated trivalent FMD vaccine including serotypes O Pan Asia2, A Iran O5 and SAT2/EGY/2012 were prepared as formula 1- (50% carbomer to 50% antigen); formula 2 (50% Montanide ISA 206 to 50%antigen) and formula 3- (25% Montanide ISA 206 and 25% carbomer with 50 % antigen). All of such formulae were found to be free from foreign contaminants, safe and potent, showing no postvaccinal reactions and high protective levels of specific FMD antibodies in Guinea pigs. Each vaccine formula immunogenicity was determined by estimation of 50% Guinea pig protective dose (GPPD50) and monitoring of the humeral antibody response of vaccinated G. Pig groups. It was found that Montanide oils 206 with carbomer is the best vaccine formula, followed by Montanide oils 206 and finally carbomer which give early short-lasting immunity.

The present study was designed to investigate pumpkin seed oil effect on body weight, digestive enzymes activity, and the metabolic and antioxidant parameters of growing rabbits. This study was performed using two groups of 8-weeks old New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) (n=10/ each group). The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The animals were divided randomly to either the control group and fed on a basal diet (C) or the experimental with a basal diet supplemented with 5 g pumpkin seed oil/kg diet (P). Results revealed a significant increase in body weight, blood glucos levels, total lipids and total protein, and serum amylase activities, lipase, and protease. Significant improvements in the antioxidative parameters of rabbits were also observed. In conclusion, the benefits shown in this study support further research into the use of dietary supplementation with pumpkin oil for increasing productivity in growing rabbits.

In Egypt, few measures were introduced to improve the reproductive performance rin buffaloes and up to quite recently little efforts were made to improve their genetic potential. Although anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is the most reliable endocrine marker in assessing the potential for fertility over the ages, there is no age-specific reference range for peripheral AMH levels in buffaloes. The present field study aimed to establish age-specific serum AMH concentrations in buffaloes and their relation to reproductive and productive longevity. The conceivable relationships between Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) concentrations with reproductive longevity and improve the buffalo’s productivity were investigated by examining pregnancy rates and early pregnancy loss in three different age groups of buffaloes. Group 1 (heifer 18-24 months, n =15), Group 2 (buffaloes 3-6 years, n = 15), and Group 3 (old buffaloes 6-10 years, n = 15) were synchronized and time fixed inseminated. A single blood sample per animal was taken during oestrus just before artificial insemination (AI), (Day 0) for the AMH analysis. The result revealed that highest serum AMH concentrations were in the heifer group (154.1 7 ± 12.62) pg/ml, P < 0.05) Moreover, AMH concentrations and conception rates decreased with age. The AMH concentrations were higher in the pregnant animals at day 30 than in the non-pregnant and pregnancy loss animals between day 30 and day 60 after AI in each group. To the best of our knowledge this study provides first-hand information on age-specific serum AMH levels in Egyptian buffaloes. In conclusion, the AMH concentration analysis could be consider a remarkable biomarker for reproductive and productive longevity in buffaloes.

Staphylococcus aureus represents a serious health hazard on both animals and humans. The main goal of the present work was to compare between S. aureus isolated from animal and human origin. This was achieved through studying the virulence, phenotypic characterization, genotypic testing of mecA gene, analysis the antibiotic resistance profile of the recovered S. aureus isolates. A total number of 165 samples were collected from clinical mastitic cows and sheep, pus from abscesses collected from septic wounds of infected animals, respectively. Moreover, blood, pus swabs from abscesses and septic wounds, and sputum samples were collected from diseased humans from Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The results revealed that incidence of S. aureus isolates recovered from the examined animal samples were 8.33%, 100% and 20%, per, while from human cases (blood, pus and sputum) were 16.67%, 53.49% and 75%, independently. Using Staphaurex kits, the prevalence of coagulase positive S. aureus from animal samples reached 8.33%, 100% and 20%, but from the diseased human cases were 16.67%, 53.49% and 75%, respectively. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of the animal isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (15.79%), tetracycline (10.53%), clindamycin and erythromycin (10.53%), while the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (100%), trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin (94.74% for each). However, S. aureus human isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (75%) and tetracycline (78.57%) and sensitive to vancomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (89.29%) and trimethoprim+ sulfamethoxazole (82.14%). Out of 47 identified S. aureus strains, 3 from animal isolates (15.79%) and 21 from human isolates (75%) proved to be methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Furthermore, one animal isolate (5.26%) and 12 human isolates (42.86%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). S. aureus isolates from animal and humans were subjected to genotypic characterization of mecA gene using PCR. All the animal and human isolates were positive for mecA gene with a percentage of 100%. The results of this study provide that from both animals and human samples; the isolation rate of S. aureus was greater than that of MRSA followed by MDR.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ivermectin (IVM) on the reproductive hormones and hemato-biochemical parameters of twenty apparently healthy ewes weighing 30-40 kg and 2-3 years old. Ewes were randomly divided into two groups (ten for each). The first group was left without treatment (control group), and the second was treated with the recommended therapeutic dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, S/C) one day after parturition (treated group). The study continued for three months. Blood samples were collected from the two groups at the 1st, 30th, 60th, and 90th days after IVM treatment. The current study revealed that IVM injection delayed estrous for up to 3 months (absence of estrous signs and no ovarian structures were observed by sonar examination). There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) count, and packed cell volume (PCV), with a significant increase in total leukocytic count (TLC) at 30th and 60th days post-treatment (p.t.). In addition to a significant decreased at (P<0.05) in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and concentrations of total antioxidants (TAC), copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), estradiol, triiodothyronine(T3), and tetraiodothyronine (T4) for up to 3 months. In contrast, a significant increase in concentrations of calcium (Ca), progesterone and cortisol, and activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were recorded at 30th and 60th days p.t. It has been concluded that IVM delayed estrous in ewes for three months via disturbing the female reproductive hormones and the hemato-biochemical parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that IVM not be injected at least three months before the reproductive season.

Mycotoxins are poisonous biomolecules produced as secondary metabolites by some fungal species, as they grow on various substrates under suitable growth conditions. Approximately, 83% of these deaths occur in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It has been estimated that more than five billion people in developing countries are at risk of chronic exposure to aflatoxins, through contaminated foods/feeds Several studies revealed that A. flavus and A. parasiticus are of significant concern in poultry contamination, being the most common producers of aflatoxins. In the current study, a total of 120 samples of poultry feeds were collected from different localities of Beni-Suef Governorate. The samples were examined for the existence of Aspergillus species. Moreover, the capacity to produce aflatoxins by the Aspergillus flavus was determined. The results revealed that the most predominant Aspergillus isolates was A. flavus (n= 75; 62.5%) followed by A. niger (n= 31; 25.9%) and A. fumigatus (n= 19; 15.8%). Out of 75 A. flavus isolates, 43 strains (57.3%) produced aflatoxins. These results concluded the potential exists for the production of mycotoxins by the Aspergillus flavus. The present study was designed to investigate the existence of Aspergillus species in poultry feed as well as determining the capacity of Aspergillus flavus isolates to produce aflatoxins.

The world is threatened by the lethal effects of Coronaviruses (CoVs) that associated with major respiratory disorders. The CoVs are large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA and therefore, it is considered a complicated virus structure. The spike (S) is the major protein that exists in CoV’s structure regulates the viral access to the host using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for both severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or SARS-CoV initiates the animal/human disease and elevated immune responses. The receptor binding domain (RBD) in the S-proteins is essential for the CoVs-gene sequences; however the literature discussed CoV S-protein in relation to receptor-binding is little. Therefore, finding a natural antiviral to limit the spreading of CoVs is important. Herein, Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y is considered a kind of passive immunizations, represents 60% of the egg-yolk and can preventing many infectious diseases due to the particularities of IgY-molecule shape functional bioactivity to combat the pathogens. Comparing IgY to other Ig(s) antibodies, it makes the minimal animal stress, produces the lowest responses to mammalian factors. Besides, IgY is the most cost-effective extraction using the precipitation which is efficient protocol produce about (95% purity) of antibodies. We reported that IgY has a killing power to bacterial infections in broilers which beneficial to produce hygienic meat. Also, IgY-technology has a global application for treatment of viral infections and cancers. Interestingly, the anti-SARS CoV-2 single-chain fragments variable (scFv) IgY-antibodies can separate the virus from the host cell ACE2-and RBD-receptors. The expressed scFv-antibody can be assigned to be a specific-antigen binding for the potential neutralization which make a better understanding of the host-cycle range of SARS-CoV2 to adapt the ACE2 for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we concluded in this review that the IgY is promising to be a therapeutic target of a novel Coronaviruses disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic.